El fuera de campo constituye uno de los elementos centrales del funcionamiento formal del cine. Su centralidad en el proceso de creación y en las formas en que produce rendimientos cinematográficos a veces no encuentra el centro de gravedad intelectual suficiente en los análisis académicos de lo cinematográfico, muchas veces más centrados en “lo que aparece en pantalla” que en lo que “no aparece”. Este artículo pretende mostrar la centralidad de lo “que no aparece”, su radical importancia e, incluso, su (...) capacidad para reescribir, por completo, lo que de facto aparece en la imagen. Esto llevaría, incluso, a difuminar la entidad ontológica “de lo que aparece”, llevando a que lo que aparezca sea, precisamente, lo que en principio estaba fuera. (shrink)

L’exemple espagnol de Podemos montre comment sortir positivement des limites de l’horizontalité du mouvement, à la fois si riche et infructueuse, et comment agencer un geste politique d’autoconstitution, d’organisation et de représentation. Ce passage de l’horizontalité à la verticalité, de l’agitation et de la résistance du mouvement vers le travail de gouvernement pose non seulement des questions de spatialité, mais surtout des questions de temporalité, de durée. L’important passe par la (re)création d’un flux de mouvement politique, un système ouvert de (...) gouvernance depuis le bas qui maintient unis mouvement et gouvernement – par le débat constituant constant et par une extension de ce débat aux citoyens. (shrink)

This research presents an educational experience that was developed in a private university in Santiago of Chile. The problematic issues respond to the need of tense the role of the literature in the formal education and the transforming capacity through its creative potential. The general objective is to analyze the didactic process of the lecture connecting the artistic products that students created, in a dramatic writing project context, supported by The Literary Education as an emerging paradigm.

Commentators believe that the COVID-19 pandemic reveals the inconveniences of capitalism and that the end of “neoliberalism” could be near. In this article we show that a capitalist ethics is capable to deal with the challenges of pandemics and comes with important advantages such as the prevention of overreactions. We apply both utilitarian and rights-based ethics to the case of epidemics in general and COVID-19 in particular. First a libertarian natural law ethics is used to assess the government interventions in (...) the Corona pandemic. We maintain that these interventions cannot be justified from a libertarian point of view despite of the possible objections that are discussed such as the “potential threat argument”. Moreover, the utilitarian argument in favor of government lockdowns is evaluated. The negative effects of lockdown on mental health, addictions, domestic violence, etc. have to be taken into account. The utilitarian argument in favor of lockdown is far from convincing, as economic calculation is not possible. (shrink)

The question of whether the entrepreneur is born or made, forces us to respond that the entrepreneurial culture clearly breaks with the myth that entrepreneurs are born. Currently, it is considered that entrepreneurial skills can be acquired like any other discipline and that is why it should be taught. Their teaching and learning are key to the well-being of the teacher and to the positive achievement of the students. The entrepreneurial culture is an educational objective of developed societies and has (...) its origin in the business culture. There are two current models, American and European. The one that develops in the Extremadura region, based on the European model, tries to create a vital state in the participating students that enhances competences such as creativity, personal initiative or self-confidence, elements that try to generate a true motivation to undertake. The motivated, accomplished and positive teacher contributes to that achievement and achieving it favors the well-being of teachers. It’s a round trip. It is a “do ut des.” In our research, we evaluated four entrepreneurial culture programs in the classroom: “Junioremprende,” “Teenemprende,” “Experemprende,” and “Youthemprende.” The teachers involved in the programs are 356, and the valid questionnaires are 154. The students enrolled in the programs are 4800, and the questionnaires valid 1198. In the questionnaire, one of the key questions is “general teacher satisfaction,” with 17 common questions for all the programs. An essential question posed is: “I am satisfied with the achievements obtained by my students to participate in the program” The results of our research, according to a seven-point Likert scale, gives a very high degree of teachers’ satisfaction. Their satisfaction was centered on the perception of their teachings are conducive to the achievement of his students. The degree of teacher satisfaction for each of the programs and significantly means differences were found with Junior program resulted the more satisfied for teachers. For students, participation in the programs resulted in high development of entrepreneurial competencies. Similarly to teachers results, Junior program was found more significant in developing students’ entrepreneurial competencies indicating that entrepreneurial education is very appropriate for children. Findings of this study suggest that entrepreneurial education should be encouraged for students at every stage of education. (shrink)

Este trabajo presenta los resultados preliminares obtenidos en la conformación del Atlas Iberoamericano en Bioética que ha desarrollado el Centro Anáhuac de Desarrollo Estratégico en Bioética (CADEBI) respecto a la identificación y análisis de las instituciones de Bioética existentes en la Región. Se realizó una revisión documental a través de motores de búsqueda, bases de datos, redes sociales y otras fuentes. La información obtenida se agrupó en seis diferentes categorías de acuerdo con la estructura, objetivos y actividades que desarrollan. De (...) esta manera, se realizó un diagnóstico inicial con base en las fuentes documentales disponibles en la Web. Como parte de los resultados, se identificaron 157 instituciones en 25 países; así como la variación en la densidad institucional, concentrándose principalmente en España (29 instituciones), México (26 instituciones), Argentina (17 instituciones), Brasil (13 instituciones), Chile (11 instituciones) y Colombia (8 instituciones). Además, se resalta la importancia de las comisiones nacionales de bioética en el desarrollo institucional, señalando la relación entre el avance científico y tecnológico de los países y el desarrollo de la bioética. El texto concluye con la propuesta de crear un Observatorio de la Red Iberoamericana de Bioética para documentar y promover el intercambio institucional y científico en la Región, así como algunas recomendaciones derivadas del desarrollo de este trabajo. (shrink)

This is a critical-hermeneutical and historical-comparative study on Political Economy, Economic History and Social Thought, applied to the American utopias in the 19th century and its role in the colonisation of the United States (US) west. This review is based on a heterodox economic approach, used in the disciplines of Religion and Economics. It gives a general view of religious and ideological utopias, as cooperative enterprises of intentional life in farms and workshop, making a comparative analysis of efficiency and sustainability. (...) This study attempts to explain the colonial paradox of American utopias because the last established, with more inversion, they were the first to fall. This study shapes the development of the western territories, from the Quaker’s Holy Experiment framework and its support for the utopias experiments in the expansion to Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. Contribution: This review offers a descriptive and explanatory study on the colonisation of the US west, under the hermeneutical turn from heterodox economic approaches, to deal with some current contradictions and anachronism in the mainstream view. Also, there is a systematisation of the American utopias, divided into religious and ideological experiments, with a comparison. (shrink)

RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo de reflexión teórica es establecer un dialogo entre las ciencias sociales hoy en crisis y los aportes que encontramos en la cosmovisión me-soamericana para el diseño de una nueva matriz epistémica más ecológica y menos agresiva con la vida. En la primera parte se rastrea epistémicamente la genealogía de la cosificación de la naturaleza y de la vida que ha puesto en crisis el proyecto de la modernidad y las ciencias sociales, a partir de (...) la experiencia de la colonialidad, el ser como identidad y las matemáticas. En un segundo momento se cuestiona el eurocentrismo de las ciencias sociales y se defiende el diálogo con las otras epistemologías silenciadas por la razón occidental. De esta forma se exploran algunos aportes ontológicos de la epistemología mesoamericana para el diseño de nuevas relaciones sociales menos agresivas con la naturaleza y la vida. Finalmente se plantea favorecer los diálogos interpistémicos entre las distintas civilizaciones y culturas del mundo para abrir y repensar las ciencias sociales. ABSTRACT The objective of this article of theoretical reflection is to establish a dialogue between the social sciences, today in crisis, and the contributions found in the Me-soamerican worldview, to design a new epistemic matrix, more ecological, and less aggressive with life. In the first part, the genealogy of the reification of nature and life, that has put the project of modernity and social sciences in crisis, from the experience of coloniality, being as identity, and mathematics, is epistemically traced. In a second moment, the eurocentrism of the social sciences is questioned, and dialogue with other epistemologies, silenced by western reason, is defended. In this way, some ontological contributions of the Mesoamerican cosmovision are explored, to create new social relationships, less aggressive with nature and life. Finally, to favor the inter-epistemic dialogues between the different civilizations and cultures of the world is put forward, as a way to open and rethink social sciences. (shrink)

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic has forced changes in patient care in Mental Health Day Hospitals.ObjectivesTo study the interventions performed in MHDHs during the pandemic in comparison with those performed in other facilities and to analyze the new hospital admissions in both groups.MethodA retrospective multicenter cohort study comparing the interventions received by a group of 161 patients admitted in MHDHs during the lockdown period in Spain with the interventions of another group of 109 patients who were treated at other facilities during lockdown.ResultsMHDHs (...) reduced their face-to-face interventions during lockdown just as much as other facilities but implemented telematic intervention methods to a greater extent. Patients attached to MHDHs during lockdown were admitted significantly less and presented fewer urgent consultations in the following 6 months.ConclusionThe use of telepsychiatry made it feasible to adapt MHDHs to periods of lockdown, being useful to improve the continuity of care during the pandemic. In addition, it was possible to maintain a reduction in hospital admissions in patients treated at MHDHs. (shrink)

La presencia de Unamuno y Antonio Machado en la propuesta filosófica de María Zambrano invita a redefinir la filosofía primera como tarea que todo ser humano debería asumir para dar pleno cumplimiento a la llamada que, manifestándose en su interioridad, invita a hacerse cargo de la alteridad y, por eso, piedad y misericordia, a fundar adecuadamente caminos de diálogo en busca de esa verdad, que por no uniformar y sí pedir unidad, abre proyectos de verdadera comunidad: diferentes buscando fraternidad.

Abordamos aquí unos aspectos, posiblemente los menos conocidos, de la dilatada vida de Fray Diego de Deza, como son los orígenes de su linaje en la gallega Terra de Deza y el afincamiento durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIV de la que fue la rama familiar de Toro, su ciudad natal. No perteneciendo a la hidalguía de mayor abolengo y riqueza de los linajes allí establecidos, sus méritos personales le labraron un futuro prometedor, primero por la cátedra docente que (...) ocupó en Salamanca y sus altas dotes como maestro y, además, por la confianza que los Reyes Católicos depositaron en él al nombrarlo preceptor del malogrado príncipe heredero don Juan, lo que le hizo emprender una envidiable carrera tanto eclesiástica como por sus servicios a la Corona. Nuestro objetivo aquí no ha sido otro que vislumbrar sus relaciones parentales y sociales, obviando su brillante cursus honorum en ese doble rol de servicio al altar y al trono. (shrink)

This is a Political Economy study on migrants-citizens relations management in the United States of America, with special attention to the religious factor and the pendulum effect. There is a model switch, from integration policies to official persecution, under a high social opportunity cost. Also, there is a split between the State and civil society, causing civil disobedience and sanctuary network across the country. The paper focuses on the development of the Sanctuary Movement, as a case of popular action against (...) to the power elite policies and their sanctions. There was a revival of this movement during the values crisis or 2008 recession, but at the same time there was a critical division into the movement, with higher tension for the migrants. (shrink)

¿Quiénes son los laicos en la Iglesia? ¿Encajan en la estructura de la vida religiosa? Este artículo intenta responder a estas preguntas analizando el significado como la teoría y connotaciones prácticas de los legos para la vida del Inspectoría Salesiana de Córdoba (España) después del Concilio.

Several fields of research associated with the history of the early modern Iberian world have experienced a significant boost in recent decades: Iberian science as it relates to the Atlantic world, the history of European colonial empires, and the study of knowledge production in Latin American cultures. This expansion has coincided with a renewed interest of historians of the early modern period in practical knowledge and artisanal cultures. This paper presents an updated historiographic review of both lines of research as (...) well as of their close interconnections. In addition, it offers a re-interpretation of Iberian imperial science in the context of the European maritime expansion through the lens of artisanal epistemology. (shrink)

Chemosensation and mechanosensation cover an enormous spectrum of processes by which animals use information from the environment to adapt their behavior. For pragmatic reasons, these sensory modalities are commonly investigated independently. Recent advances, however, have revealed numerous situations in which they function together to control animals’ actions. Highlighting examples from diverse vertebrates and invertebrates, we first discuss sensory receptors and neurons that have dual roles in the detection of chemical and mechanical stimuli. Next we present cases where peripheral chemosensory and (...) mechanosensory pathways are discrete but intimately packaged to permit coordinated reception of external cues. Finally, we consider how chemical and mechanical signals converge in central neural circuitry to enable multisensory integration. These insights demonstrate how investigation of the interplay between different sensory modalities is key to a more holistic and realistic understanding of sensory‐guided behaviors. (shrink)

This paper is a critical and comparative legal historical study, which offers a global vision of the U.S. Legal System, according to the religious factor impact and its complex dimensions (e.g. religious liberty, Church-State relations, welfare state & solidarity). The principal goal is the deconstruction of the fake official History, elaborated after the Second World War (e.g. inferences, impostures, fallacies). At the same time, it shows the social development (and the kind of commitment in each period), and how it happens (...) the consolidation of the system thanks to the regulation. In this way, it is possible to pay attention to the American experimental evolution (not lineal or exceptional –as many U.S.hand-books pretend): from colonial Blue Laws (or Sunday regulation), up to the current regulation on freedom of religion and non-discrimination. Also, this paper offers a systematic set of diverse legal sources (e.g. Executive orders & rules, Legislative statutes, Judicial cases & resolutions). Another goal of this paper is the evaluation of the allegedly paradoxical policies and regulations in this field, during the last two Administrations (Clinton and W. Bush); both of them, from extreme views (linked at the end), they used incorrectly the religious factor, and they confused the institutions. The result seems to be a landed in the Postmodernity (less realistic and more speech based). (shrink)

RESUMENLa introducción que Platón hace en Gorgias de cada nuevo interlocutor se interpreta, por quien sustituye al anterior, como una rendición por aiskhos frente a Sócrates. Los estudios clásicos han entendido que la pretensión de Platón es mostrar paso a paso lo que se oculta tras la apariencia de la retórica, y por eso hace más radicales a sus representantes, para conseguir la asociación inconsciente en la mente del lector de que tras la máscara de Gorgias se esconde Calicles. Sin (...) embargo, según nuestra interpretación, Platón no deseaba tanto mostrarnos la faz oculta de la retórica cuando combatir tres rentes retóricos que partían de distintos presupuestos sobre la moral. PALABRAS CLAVEPLATÓN-GORGIAS-RETÓRICA-SOFISTAABSTRACTIn Gorgias the introduction Plato makes of each new interlocutors is interpreted by the successive speaker as a surrender on the part of the prvious one due to aiskhos before Socrates' arguments. Classical studies have explanied that Plato aims to show step by step what is hidden under the appearance of Rhetoric. That is why he makes its representatives more radical in order to produce, in the reader's mind, the unconcious association that Callicles is hidden behind Gorgias' mask. Neverthless, according to our interpretation, Plato did not intend to show us the hidden face of rhetoric but to combat three rhetorical fronts wich originated in different moral assumptions.KEYWORDSPLATO-GORGIAS-RHETORIC-SOPHIST. (shrink)

RESUMENNuestro trabajo establece una comparación entre los dos periodos en que Platon realizó Gorgias y Fedro, para comprobar si hubo un cambio en sus concepciones retóricas, éticas y políticas o si, por el contrario,mantiene una undiad de pensamiento sin que se alteren sus creencias básicas sobre tales conceptos. Para realizar nuestro estudio, primero expondremos las ideas fundamentales que Platón presenta en Gorgias sobre retórica, ética y política, posteriormetne haremos lo propio en Fedro y finalmente sacaremos las conclusiones pertinentes en función (...) de nuestro análisis sobre los puntos de consenso o de dusenso en ambos diálogos.PALABRAS CLAVESFEDRO-GORGIAS-PLATON-RETORICAABSTRACTThe present work establishes a comparison between two periods of Plato's thought, in order to analize how his thinking evolved in his rhetorical, ethical and political conceptions. For this reason, two important dialogues have been chosen Gorgias and Phaedrus, in which may topics are developed, linking them with the aspects referred to above in wich one can evaluate whether Plato changed his main conceptions about rhetorical, ethical and political reality or, whather on the other hand, he continued to ahve an unity of thiking thoughout the great period in wich he carried out his intellectual workKEYWORDSGORGIAS-PHAEDRUS-PLATO-RHETORIC. (shrink)

This article explains the History (past reality), the Historiology (the theories and methods to study the past), and the Historiography (the academic literature) about Cross-Cultural Studies in the U.S.A., from traditional and native subjects (i.e. American Studies), until the current version. It pays attention to religion, as a relevant factor in the evolution of U.S. culture and its model of social relations. En este artículo se explica la Historia (la realidad pasada), la Historiología (las teorías y métodos con los que (...) se estudia dicho pasado), y la Historiografía (la literatura académica al respecto) de los estudios interculturales en los EE.UU., desde las primeras disciplinas tradicionales y nativistas (e.g. Estudios Estadounidenses), hasta los actuales estudios interculturales. Se presta especial atención al factor religioso, pues ha sido muy influyente en el devenir de la cultura estadounidense y en sus relaciones sociales. (shrink)

El campo de la comunicación es un área de estudio de transcendencia global y con el desarrollo y auge de importantes tecnologías, han devenido en nuevos paradigmas sociales causales de los procesos de cambio impulsados por la mayor circulación de información y comunicación en un entorno global en el que la alfabetización mediática vista como un dominio progresivo promoviendo la comunicación, ha sido un desafío en su práctica y la investigación. El artículo ofrece una propuesta para incorporar en aulas universitarias (...) procesos de alfabetización mediática e informacional, revirtiendo así en prácticas atractivas y reales adaptadas a los nuevos retos educativos. (shrink)

El fenómeno turístico es uno de los elementos más importantes en relación a los vectores de cambio social. Como objetivo se plantea un análisis bibliométrico-descriptivo sobre el turismo activo y su relación con las prácticas deportivas mediante el estudio de la producción académica en Scopus. Las conclusiones ofrecen un perfilado de los intereses de investigación, temas, tópicos y elementos distintivos de los artículos centrados en esta línea de investigación, resaltando que existen publicaciones muy diversas sobre el tema de la relación (...) entre turismo activo y deporte, donde se contemplan distintos eventos deportivos como oferta turística en una gran variedad geográfica. (shrink)